001. Mostof these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists workingfor women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representativeat all of the great of ordinary women.
The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) typical
(B) satisfied
(C) supportive
(D) distinctive
002. In theUnited States,Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style,producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copiedin their time and are highly prizedtoday.
The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) valued
(B) universal
(C) uncommon
(D) preserved
003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It waseventually to be overtakenby a new school of thought known asFunctionalism that had been present since the turn of the century.
The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) surpassed
(B) inclined
(C) expressed
(D) applied
004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers,traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervalsof 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster thanusual.
The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) records
(B) speeds
(C) distances
(D) periods
005. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed,overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeingtheglacier, which rapidly sliders downhill surge glaciers also might be influencedby the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes.
The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) pushing
(B) releasing
(C) strengthening
(D) draining
006. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continuedrise in sea level, more ice would plungeinto the ocean,causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more iceand set in motion a vicious cycle.
The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) drop
(B) extend
(C) melt
(D) drift
007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done."Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collectivewell-being of a social group's members.
The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) necessary
(B) typical
(C) group
(D) particular
008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjectedto discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolveissues that threaten to divide the group.
The word "resolve" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) avoid repeating
(B) talk about
(C) avoid thinking about
(D) find a solution for
009. Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticedthat the tar contained fossil remains. Major excavations were undertaken thatestablished the significance of this remarkable site.
The word "noticed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) predicted
(B) announced
(C) corrected
(D) observed
010. Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated tangledmasses.
The word "tangled" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) buried beneath
(B) twisted together
(C) quickly formed
(D) easily dated
011. The asphalt atLa Breaseeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles thatwould often have been concealedby leaves and dust.
The word "concealed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) highlighted
(B) covered
(C) transformed
(D) contaminated
012. The ocean bottom --- a region nearly 2. 5 times greater than the totalland area of the Earth --- is a vast frontier that even today is largelyunexplored and uncharted, until about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor wascompletely inaccessible, hidden beneath waters averaging over3,600 meters deep.
The word "inaccessible" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) unrecognizable
(B) unreachable
(C) unusable
(D) unsafe
013. The DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain asteady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters, extractingsamples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
The word "extracting" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) breaking
(B) locating
(C) removing
(D) analyzing
014. Today, largely on the strengthof evidence gathered duringthe Glomar Challenger's voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree on thetheories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of thegeological processes that shape the Earth.
The word "strength" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) basis
(B) purpose
(C) discovery
(D) endurance
015. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. InSeptember 1966Canada'spopulation passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surginggrowth came from natural increase.
The word "surging" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) new
(B) extra
(C) accelerating
(D) surprising
016. When the prairies were being settled, undoubtedly, the good economicconditions of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansionalso derived from a trendtoward earlier marriages and anincrease in the average size of families.
The word "trend" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) tendency
(B) aim
(C) growth
(D) directive
017. After the peakyear of 1957, the birth rate inCanadabegan todecline. It continued falling until in 1966, it stood at the lowest level in 25years.
The word "peak" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) pointed
(B) dismal
(C) mountain
(D) maximum
018. Although the growth inCanada'spopulation had slowed down by 1966 (the increase the first half of the 1960'swas only nine percent) , another large population wave was coming over thehorizon. It would be composed of the children who were born during the periodof the high birth rate prior to1957.
The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) behind
(B) since
(C) during
(D) preceding
019. Advocatesof organic foods --- a term whose meaningvaries greatly --- frequently proclaim that such products are safer and morenutritious than others.
The word "Advocates" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) Proponents
(B) Merchants
(C) Inspectors
(D) Consumers
020. There are numerousunsubstantiatedreports that naturalvitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionallysuperior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigatedgrains, and the like.
The word "unsubstantiated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) unbelievable
(B) uncontested
(C) unpopular
(D) unverified
021. But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintainhealth and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods.So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those withlimited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensiveorganic foods instead.
The word "maintain" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) improve
(B) monitor
(C) preserve
(D) restore
022. In addition, there were performers and since considerableimportance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites,religious leaders usually assumed that task.
The word "considerable" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) thoughtful
(B) substantial
(C) relational
(D) ceremonial
023. In addition, there were performers and since considerable importance wasattached to avoiding mistakes in the enactmentof rites,religious leaders usually assumed that task.
The word "enactment" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) establishment
(B) performance
(C) authorization
(D) season
024. Staggeringtasks confronted the people of theUnited States,North and South, when the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiersfrom both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, andreabsorbed by the devastated economy.
The word "Staggering" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) specialized
(B) confusing
(C) various
(D) overwhelming
025. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized,readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastatedeconomy.
The word "devastated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) developing
(B) ruined
(C) complicated
(D) fragile
026. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted aspumps. But many experiments demonstratedthat the stems ofplants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciableheights.
The word "demonstrated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) ignored
(B) showed
(C) disguised
(D) distinguished
027. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, ortension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving frominside the plant in unbroken columns thatextendfrom the topof a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in anysample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columnsof water.
The word "extend" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) stretch
(B) branch
(C) increase
(D) rotate
028. By opening vastareas of unoccupied land for residentialexpansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electrictrolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant fromcity centers than they were in the premodern era.
The word "vast" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) large
(B) basic
(C) new
(D) urban
029. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every majorcity sparkedan explosion of real estate development andfueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example,some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders ofChicago, most of themlocated in outlying areas.
The word "sparked" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) brought about
(B) surrounded
(C) sent out
(D) followed
030. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estatedevelopers added 800,000 potentialbuilding sites to theChicagoregion in justthirty years-lots that could have housed five to six million people.
The word "potential" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) certain
(B) popular
(C) improved
(D) possible
031. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what iseven more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preservedembryos.
The word "outstanding" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) extensive
(B) surprising
(C) vertical
(D) excellent
032. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels ofthe shale in a small area around Holzamden, suggesting that a specificsitewas used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.
The word "site" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) example
(B) location
(C) development
(D) characteristic
033. The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operationshave been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account forthe interesting questionof how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in aparticular place very close to their time of giving birth.
The phrase "account for " is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) record
(B) describe
(C) equal
(D) explain
034. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichordbecame the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacythey maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenthcentury.
The words "a supremacy" in line 9 are closest in meaning to
(A) a suggestion
(B) an improvement
(C) a dominance
(D) a development
035. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenthcentury, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finallyproduced an instrument capable of myriadtonal effects fromthe most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from aliquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
The word "myriad" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) noticeable
(B) many
(C) loud
(D) unusual
036. Each one was virtually a stone town, which is why the Spanish would latercall them pueblos, the Spanish word for towns. These pueblos represent one ofthe Anasazis'supremeachievements. At least a dozen largestone houses took shape below the bluffs ofChiacoCanyonin northwestNew Mexico.
The word "supreme" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) most common
(B) most outstanding
(C) most expensive
(D) most convenient
037. They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals,perform ritual dances, settlepueblo affairs, and imparttribal lore to the younger generation.
The word "settle" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) sink
(B) decide
(C) clarify
(D) locate
038. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surroundingtableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stonestaircases for ascendingcliff faces.
The word "ascending" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) arriving at
(B) carving
(C) connecting
(D) climbing
039. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively musicto a solemnfilm became apparent, and film pianists began totake some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
The word "solemn" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) simple
(B) serious
(C) short
(D) silent
040. Certain films had music especially composedfor them. Themost famous of these early special scoreswas that composedand arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in1915.
The word "composed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) selected
(B) combined
(C) played
(D) created
The word "scores" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) totals
(B) successes
(C) musical compositions
(D) groups of musicians
041. The Earthcomprisesthree principal layers: the dense,iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth,and the thin, solid-surface crust.
The word "comprises" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) adapts to
(B) benefits from
(C) consists of
(D) focuses on
042. These plates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of themajor topographical features of the Earth. Active zones where intensedeformation occurs are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries ofcontact of the plates.
The word "intense" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) surface
(B) sudden
(C) rare
(D) extreme
043. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more marginsofeach plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, forexample, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges.
The word "margins" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) edges
(B) peaks
(C) interiors
(D) distances
044. If at such a spreading contact the two plates supportcontinents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded bythe sea. TheAtlantic Oceanformed like thisas the American and Afro-European plates move in opposite directions.
The word "support" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) separate
(B) create
(C) reduce
(D) hold
045. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species andhabitats has been a growing appreciationof the importance ofbiological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to thehealth of the Earth and human well-being.
The word "appreciation" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) ignorance
(B) recognition
(C) tolerance
(D) forgiveness
046. An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet'sdominant, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a biastoward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues.
The word "bias" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) concern
(B) disadvantage
(C) attitude
(D) prejudice
047. The prevailingwinds in theGreat Basinare from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean isforced upward as it crosses theSierra Nevada.
The word "prevailing" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) most frequent
(B) occasional
(C) gentle
(D) most dangerous
048. There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousandsof years when water accumulatedin these basins. The rise andfall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of thegreat ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North Americancontinent during those times.
The word "accumulated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) dried
(B) flooded
(C) collected
(D) evaporated
049. All living creature, especially human beings, have their peculiarities,but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can besaid about a bizarreanimal that, among other eccentricities,eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eatingfor long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible bygourmets?
The phrase "bizarre" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) odd
(B) marine
(C) simple
(D) rare
050. Its major enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked, it squirts all itsinternal organs into the water. It also casts offattachedstructures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itselfif it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding watertemperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.
The phrase "casts off" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) grows again
(B) grabs
(C) gets rid of
(D) uses as a weapon
051. A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearlyself-sufficient group that is homogeneousin custom and race,with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.
The word "homogeneous" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) uniform
(B) general
(C) primitive
(D) traditional
052. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries suchas theUnited StatesandCanada. Perhapsthe nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-America is the Amish, a German Americanfarming sect that largely renouncesthe products and laborsaving devices of the industrial age.
The phrase "largely renounces" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) generally rejects
(B) greatly modifies
(C) loudly declares
(D) often criticizes
053. Secular institutions, of control such as the police and army take theplace of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economyprevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may beviewed as clearly different from "folk".
The word "prevails" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) dominates
(B) provides
(C) develops
(D) invests
054. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value inpredicting short-lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because theavailable weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers todiscern the subtleatmospheric changes that precede thesestorms.
The word "subtle" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) complex
(B) regular
(C) imagined
(D) slight
055. Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply andinstantaneously, and modern computers can quickly compileandanalyzing this large volume of weather information.
The word "compile" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) put together
(B) look up
(C) pile high
(D) work over
056. Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to designcomputer programs and video equipment capable of transforming rawweather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasterscan interpret easily and quickly.
The word "raw" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) stormy
(B) inaccurate
(C) uncooked
(D) unprocessed
057. People in theUnited Statesin the nineteenth century werehaunted by the prospectthat unprecedented change in thenation's economy would bring social chaos.
The word "Prospect" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) regret
(B) possibility
(C) theory
(D) circumstance
058. Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of theeighteenth and early nineteenth century, the population roughlydoubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth centuries. As thepopulation grew, its makeup also changed.
The word "roughly" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) harshly
(B) surprisingly
(C) slowly
(D) approximately
059. Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in thenineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tendedto magnifysocial distinctions. As the rolesmen and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the rolesthey played in the home.
The word "magnify" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) solve
(B) explain
(C) analyze
(D) increase
The word "distinctions" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) differences
(B) classes
(C) accomplishments
(D) characteristics
060. In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events thatare related.A theory often involves an imaginary model thathelps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.
The word "related" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) connected
(B) described
(C) completed
(D) identified
061. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is supported.
The word "supported" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) finished
(B) adjusted
(C) investigated
(D) upheld
062. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels,taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-lookingcitydealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.
The phrase "forward-looking" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
063. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In theearly nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which wasessential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.
The word "rudimentary" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
(C) necessary
(D) uninteresting
064. Aside from perpetuating itself, the solepurpose of theAmerican Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters is to "foster, assistand sustain an interest" in literature, music, and art.
The word "sole" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) only
(B) honorable
(C) common
(D) official
065. One award subsidizesa promising American writer's visittoRome. Thereis even an award for a very good work of fiction that failed commercially-oncewon by the young John Updike for The Poorhouse Fair and, more recently, byAlice Walker for In Love and Trouble.
The word "subsidizes" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) assures
(B) finances
(C) schedules
(D) publishes
066. Committee membership rotatesevery year, so that newvoices and opinions are constantly heard.
The word "rotates" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) alternates
(B) participates
(C) decides
(D) meets
067. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone coresused in tool making: implementsflaked with a clockwise motion(indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from hose flakedwith a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker) .
The word "implements" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) tools
(B) designs
(C) examples
(D) pieces
068. Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues.Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it betweentheir teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit.
The word "clues" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) solutions
(B) details
(C) damage
(D) information
069. The variation between the hemispherescorresponds towhich side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, aswell as studies of tool use, indicate that right-or left-sided dominance is notexclusive to modern Homo sapiens.
The word "hemispheres" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) differences
(B) sides
(C) activities
(D) studies
070. Plants are subject toattack and infection by aremarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array ofmechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists.
The phrase "subject to" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) susceptible to
(B) classified by
(C) attractive to
(D) strengthened by
071. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by anepidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, whicheither prevent feeding by insects or may even punctureandkill insect larvae.
The word "puncture" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) pierce
(B) pinch
(C) surround
(D) cover
072. Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, inwhich the usual male and female reproductive organs are fusedin a single structure called the column.
The word "fused" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) combined
(B) hidden
(C) fertilized
(D) produced
073. Toluretheir pollinators from afar, orchids useappropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 differentaromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended toattract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds.
The word "lure" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) attract
(B) recognize
(C) follow
(D) help
074. Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sortsof one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen hasbeen accurately placedor removed.
The word "placed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) estimated
(B) measured
(C) deposited
(D) identified
075. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids haveavoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survivalof species as discreteidentities. At the same time they havemade themselves irresistible to collectors.
The word "discrete" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) complicated
(B) separate
(C) inoffensive
(D) functional
076. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwarconditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to copewith the flood.
The word "overtaxed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) well prepared
(B) plentifully supplied
(C) heavily burdened
(D) charged too much
077. Therefore, in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequateschool system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930'sand early 1940's no longer made sense; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen andolder out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be ahigh priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teachyounger children aged five to sixteen.
The word "inadequate" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) deficient
(B) expanded
(C) innovative
(D) specialized
078. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested ineducation inevitablyturned toward the lower grades and backto basic academic skills and discipline.
The word "inevitably" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) unwillingly
(B) impartially
(C) irrationally
(D) unavoidably
079. Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamentedthe role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditionalvalues. A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughoutthe rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.
The word "lamented" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) complained about
(B) analyzed
(C) explained
(D) reflected on
080. One thinks of melodramas, boys' books, thrillers, romances, and the likerather than novels of the first rank.
The phrase "first rank" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) largest category
(B) highest quality
(C) earliest writers
(D) most difficult language
081. These writers, who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the"railroad novel," are now mostly forgotten, their names having fadedfrommemory.
The words "faded from" in line 21 are closest in meaning to
(A) grew in
(B) disappeared from
(C) remained in
(D) developed from
082. The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a differentand noveldesign. It was the work primarily of an unsung heroof American industrial progress, Oliver Evans (1755-1819) .
The word "novel" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) fictional
(B) intricate
(C) innovative
(D) powerful
083. The self-educated son of aDelawarefarmer, Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanizedproduction and steam power. As early as 1802 he was using a stationarysteam engine of high-pressure design in his mill. Engines of this type were notunknown, but before Evans they were generally considered impractical anddangerous.
The word "stationary" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) single
(B) fixed
(C) locomotive
(D) modified
084. In shallow western rivers the weight of vesseland enginewas important; a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation.
The word "vessel" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) fuel
(B) crew
(C) cargo
(D) craft
085. The key concepts emergedabout 1957. Townes and ArthurSchawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outliningthe conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.
The word "emerged" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) increased
(B) concluded
(C) succeeded
(D) appeared
The word "outlining" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) assigning
(B) studying
(C) checking
(D) summarizing
086. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk,refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberateprocess ofapplying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments aresuspended) with small brushes.
The word "deliberate" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) decisive
(B) careful
(C) natural
(D) unusual
087. The quick-drying tempera demandedthat the artist knowexactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and itrequired the use of fine brushes.
The word "demanded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ordered
(B) reported
(C) required
(D) questioned
088. The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting mayhave designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikelythat the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerousassistants, who had been trained to imitatethe artist'sstyle, applied the paint.
The word "imitate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) copy
(B) illustrate
(C) promote
(D) believe in
089. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information,crows are less well known than many comparablycommon speciesand, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered Californiacondor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.
The word "comparably" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) interestingly
(B) similarly
(C) otherwise
(D) sometimes
090. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations,strategies and scams.
The word "inclination" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) tricks
(B) opportunities
(C) preferences
(D) experiences
091. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for theirletters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that,during the years of these cumbersomearrangements, privateletter-carrying and express businesses developed.
The word "cumbersome" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) burdensome
(B) handsome
(C) loathsome
(D) quarrelsome
092. But this delivery service was at first confinedtocities, and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, atown had to have 10,000 people to be eligible for free home delivery.
The word "Confined" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) granted
(B) scheduled
(C) limited
(D) recommended
093. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their worktended to reflect this bias. The questions they framedand thetechniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, howpeople behaved.
The word "framed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(B) read
(C) avoided
(D) posed
094. InKingston,New York, for example, evidence has beenuncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that cityat a time when the Dutch supposedlycontrolled trading in thearea.
The word "supposedly" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) ruthlessly
(B) tightly
(C) barely
(D) seemingly
095. And inSacramentoan excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealedthat garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despitesanitationlaws to the contrary.
The word "sanitation" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) city
(B) housing
(C) health
(D) trade
096. When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864, therewere many conflictingtheories about the nature of the Earth'sinterior. Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball ofincandescent gas, while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells,each made of a different material.
The word "conflicting" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) controlling
(B) outdated
(C) opposing
(D) important
097. Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a great change takes place andthe mantle gives way tothe core. Some seismic waves cannotpass through the core and others are bent by it. From this and other evidence,geologists conclude that the outercore is probably liquid,with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron, mixedwith smaller amount of other elements such as nickel.
The phrase "gives way to" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) runs along
(B) rubs against
(C) turns into
(D) floats on
098. Although scientists can speculateabout its nature,neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.
The word "speculate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) report
(B) learn
(C) worry
(D) hypothesize
099. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternativeexisted of sending them directly eastward to market, and merchants could selllarger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transportedmore directly and more economically to the west.
The word "alternative" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) option
(B) transition
(C) intention
(D) authorization
100. The distance was more than 350 miles, and there were ridges to cross and awilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate.
The word "penetrate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) cut down
(B) go through
(C) fill up
(D) take over
101. The range of the New York canal system was still further extendedwhen the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal,provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.
The word "extended" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) increased
(B) constructed
(C) deepened
(D) measured
102. The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampledunderfoot in their haste to cross the "GreatAmericanDesert" to reachlands that sometimes proved barren.In the eastern parts oftheUnited States,the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.
The word "barren" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) lonely
(B) dangerous
(C) uncomfortable
(D) infertile
103. In the eastern parts of theUnited States, the preferredgrass for forage was a cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, thenwhen cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed.
The word "preferred" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ordinary
(B) available
(C) required
(D) favored
104. They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hardstems.
The word "hard" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) firm
(B) severe
(C) difficult
(D) bitter
105. Nevertheless, most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters ofthe eighteenth century displays a wide divergenceof taste andfreedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.
The word "divergence" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) description
(B) development
(C) difference
(D) display
106. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common inBostonand other towns,where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durablematerial. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only inPennsylvaniaandadjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings.
The word "durable" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) attractive
(B) expensive
(C) refined
(D) long-lasting
The word "dwelling" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) houses
(B) towns
(C) outbuildings
(D) rural areas
107. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorativefeatures of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaboratelypaneled.
The word "elaborately" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) done in great detail
(B) put together carefully
(C) using many colors
(D) reinforced structurally
108. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite oftenproduces surprises. A chanceconversation with stranger maylead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People areengaged in education from infancy on.
The word "chance" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) unplanned
(B) unusual
(C) lengthy
(D) lively
109. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is should be an integralpart of one's entire life.
The word "integral" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) an equitable
(B) a profitable
(C) a pleasant
(D) an essential
110. For example, the edge of thePacific Oceanhas been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptionsand earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explainwhy active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentratedin that region.
The word "concentrated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) allowed
(B)clustered
(C) exploded
(D) strengthened
111. In the United Statesin theearly 1800's, individual state governments had more effectonthe economy than did the federal government. States charteredmanufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated inthe construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes,and railroads.
The word "effect" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) value
(B) argument
(C) influence
(D) restraint
112. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinctways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build suchimprovements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-privatecompanies setting out to make a profit.
The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) separate
(B) innovative
(C) alarming
(D) provocative
113. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and businessregulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including settingmaximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.
The word "setting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) discussing
(B) analyzing
(C) establishing
(D) avoiding
114. Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, thefederal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of westernsettlement and the development of native industries. Toward these endsthe federal government pursued several courses of action.
The word "ends" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) benefits
(B) decisions
(C) services
(D) goals
115. What forms of life were able to make such a drasticchange in lifestyle? The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms isbased on mega fossils-relatively large specimens of essentially whole plantsand animals.
The word "drastic" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) widespread
(B) radical
(C) progressive
(D) risky
116. It turns out that some fossils can be extractedfromthese sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. The technique hasuncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores ofthe ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.
The word "extracted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) located
(B) preserved
(C) removed
(D) studied
117. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that weredeposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils andmicroscopic pieces of small animals. In many instancesthespecimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.
The word "instances" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) methods
(B) processes
(C) cases
(D) reasons
118. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter indiameter. Although they were entombedin the rocks forhundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organicremains of the organism.
The word "entombed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) crushed
(B) trapped
(C) produced
(D) excavated
119. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whetherancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-centuryAmericans --- have always shown a markedtaste forportraiture.
The word "marked" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) pronounced
(B) fortunate
(C) understandable
(D) mysterious
120. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced toAmerica, ushering inthe age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end tothe popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became aluxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executedby theprofessional.
The phrase "ushering in" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) beginning
(B) demanding
(C) publishing
(D) increasing
The word "executed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) sold
(B) requested
(C) admired
(D) created
121. Local crafts people-sign, coach, and house painters-began to paintportraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who beganbysketchingfamily members gained a local reputation and wasbesieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while topack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, oftencombining house decorating with portrait painting.
The word "sketching" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) drawing
(B) hiring
(C) helping
(D) discussing
122. Both the number and the percentage of people in theUnited Statesinvolved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half centuryfollowing the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring inthe domainsof transportation, manufacturing, and trade anddistribution.
The word "domains" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) fields
(B) locations
(C) organizations
(D) occupations
123. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middlethird of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed,volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamentaltransformation in the production and distribution of goods.
The word "fundamental" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) possible
(B) basic
(C) gradual
(D) unique
124. To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilledcraftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets toplumbing fixtures.
The word "skilled" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) hardworking
(B) expert
(C) well-paid
(D) industrial
125. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individualcontractors presided overwhat were essentially handicraftproprietorships that coexisted within a single building.
The words "presided over" in line 20 are closest in meaning to
(A) managed
(B) led to
(C) worked in
(D) produced
126. Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some withrings) , tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae,pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, and so on. But none of the shapes on this listdescribes the largest single entitiesin the universe.
The word "entities" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) factors
(B) processes
(C) objects
(D) puzzles
127. Stone carvers engraved their motifsof skulls andcrossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we stillsee standing today in old burial grounds.
The word "motifs" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) tools
(B) prints
(C) signatures
(D) designs
128. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in theirgenerally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft ofcarving and constituted a group distinctfrom what we normallythink of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.
The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) separate
(B) assembled
(C) notable
(D) inferior
129. On the rareoccasion when a fine piece of sculpture wasdesired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when thecities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the EnglishmanJoseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pill.
The word "rare" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) festive
(B) infrequent
(C) delightful
(D) unexpected
130. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaininga constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the bodytemperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of waterand energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what wouldnormally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius havebeen measured in Grant's gazelles.
The word "maintaining" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) measuring
(B) inheriting
(C) preserving
(D) delaying
131. Another strategy of large desert animals is to toleratethe loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for nonadapted animals.The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm toitself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of theirbody weight.
The word "tolerate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) endure
(B) replace
(C) compensate
(D) reduce
132. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, asanimals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtainfood from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.
The word "obtain" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) digest
(B) carry
(C) save
(D) get
133.In 1979 Santa Monica'smunicipal government ordered landlords to roll backtheirrents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by twothirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.
The phrase "roll back" in lines 11-12 is closest in meaning to whichof following?
(A) credit
(B) measure
(C) vary
(D) reduce
134. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1)promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulatingthe construction of new housing.
The word "stimulating" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) experimenting with
(B) identifying
(C) estimating
(D) encouraging
135. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rentalunits. Rent Controls have artificially depressedthe mostimportant long-term determinant of profitability-rents.
The word "depressed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) saddened
(B) created
(C) lowered
(D) defeated
136. In the same year, inSan Francisco,California,only 2,000 units were built.San Franciscohas only a 1. 6 percent vacancy rate but stringentrent control laws.
The word "stringent" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) straightforward
(B) strict
(C) expanded
(D) efficient
137. For example, sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or woodsuggests, perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form,but even the subject matter.
The word "dictates" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) reads aloud
(B) determines
(C) includes
(D) records
138. In 1905 he was sent toParisas an apprentice to an art dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessedthe birth of Cubism, discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques ofwoodcarving from a frame maker.
The word "witnessed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed
139. The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief.Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as a break witha long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfectrectangle or square.
The phrase "a break with" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) a destruction of
(B) a departure from
(C) a collapse of
(D) a solution to
140. In winter especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserveprecious food reserves.
The word "conserve" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) retain
(B) watch
(C) locate
(D) share
141. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelterin dense vegetation or enter a cavity-horned larks dig holes in the ground andptarmigan burrow into snow banks-but the effect of sheltering is magnifiedby several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, browncreepers, bluebirds, and anis do.
The word "magnified" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) caused
(B) modified
(C) intensified
(D) combined
142. The second possible benefit of communal roots is that they act as"information centers." During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forageover a very large area. When they return in the evening some will have fedwell, but others may have found little to eat.
The word "forage" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) fly
(B) assemble
(C) feed
(D) rest
143. Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there willalways be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But thisincreased protection is partially counteractedby the factthat mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are onthe ground.
The word "counteracted" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) suggested
(B) negated
(C) measured
(D) shielded
144. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but theavailability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; therewas no way to preventspoilage.
The word "prevent" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) estimate
(B) avoid
(C) correct
(D) confine
145. The icebox became a fixturein most homes and remained sountil the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's. Almosteveryone now had a more diversified diet.
The word "fixture" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) luxury item
(B) substance
(C) commonplace object
(D) mechanical device
146. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches orcarbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless,many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits,vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
The word "Nevertheless" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) therefore
(B) because
(C) occasionally
(D) however
readilychange its orientation, or phase. Cats know thisinstinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it happened until theyincreased the speed of their perceptions a thousand fold.
The word "readily" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) only
(B) easily
(C) slowly
(D) certainly
147. The changing profile of a city in theUnited Statesis apparent in theshifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870the census officially distinguishedthe nation's "urban" from its "rural" population for thefirst time.
The word "distinguished" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) differentiated
(B) removed
(C) honored
(D) protected
148. Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000inhabitant or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting,for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combinedpopulation of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population ofat least 15,000.
The word "constituting" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) located near
(B) determined by
(C) calling for
(D) making up
149. The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houseswere originally built in pitsand were entered from the roof.
The word "pits" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) stages
(B) scars
(C) seeds
(D) holes
150. Each kiva had a fire pit and hole that was believed to lead to theunderworld. The largest pueblos had five storiesand more than800 rooms.
The word "stories" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) articles
(B) tales
(C) levels
(D) rumors
151. The village chief dealt with landdisputesand religiousaffairs. The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts thatbroke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community buildingprojects.
The word "disputes" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) discussions
(B) arguments
(C) developments
(D) purchases
152. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds nolonger had unrestricteduse of the plains for grazing, and thefencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.
The word "unrestricted" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) unsatisfactory
(B) difficult
(C) considerable
(D) unlimited
153. The steel wires used are galvanized-coated with zinc to make themrustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fedseparately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twistedtogether and barbed.
The word "fed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) put
(B) eaten
(C) bitten
(D) nourished
154. The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposedtoa pressure of about 4 atmospheres.
The words "exposed to" in line 6 are closest in meaning to
(A) leaving behind
(B) prepared for
(C) propelled by
(D) subjected to
155. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted for nitrogen,because under these pressures helium does not exerta similarnarcotic effect.
The word "exert" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) cause
(B) permit
(C) need
(D) change
156. As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungsincreases. Nitrogen then diffusesfrom the lungs to the blood,and from the blood to body tissues.
The word "diffuses" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) yields
(B) starts
(C) surfaces
(D) travels
157. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungswill double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of what it wasat 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and evenrupture.
The word "rupture" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) hurt
(B) shrink
(C) burst
(D) stop
158. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct viewsof viruses and minusculesurface structures. The word"minuscule" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) circular
(B) dangerous
(C) complex
(D) tiny
159. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, x-ray microscopy enablesspecimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samplescan be studied under conditions similar to their natural state.
The word "enables" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) constitutes
(B) specifies
(C) expands
(D) allows
160. Because of the wavelength of the x-rays used, soft x-ray microscopes willnever match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes.Rather,their special properties will make possible investigationsthat will complement those performed with light-and electron-based instruments.
The word "Rather" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) significantly
(B) preferably
(C) somewhat
(D) instead
161. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makesthese conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out ofcomplacence into a pleasantly shocked realizationthat many ofthe values we unquestioningly accept are false.
The word "realization" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) certainty
(B) awareness
(C) surprise
(D) confusion
162. It was the manner of expression, the satiric method, that made theminteresting and entertaining, satires are read because they are aestheticallysatisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethicallyinstructive.
The word "aesthetically" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) artistically
(B) exceptionally
(C) realistically
(D) dependably
163. They are stimulating and refreshingbecause withcommonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions.
The word "refreshing" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) popular
(B) ridiculous
(C) meaningful
(D) unusual
164. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor doordinary citizens devotetheir lives to unselfish service ofhumanity.
The word "devote" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) distinguish
(B) feel affection
(C) prefer
(D) dedicate
165. Hotels were among the earliest facilities that boundtheUnited Statestogether. They were both creations and creators of communities, as well assymptoms of the frenetic quest for community.
The word "bound" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) led
(B) protected
(C) tied
(D) strengthened
166. The growing custom of regularly assemblingfrom afar therepresentatives of all kinds of groups, not only for political conventions, butalso for commercial, professional, learned, and avocational ones... in turnsupported the multiplying hotels.
The word "assembling" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) announcing
(B) motivating
(C) gathering
(D) contracting
167. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adornedthemselves with beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often wornfrom birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for theafterlife.
The word "adorned" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) protected
(B) decorated
(C) purchased
(D) enjoyed
168. Besides their wear ability, either as jewelry or incorporated intoarticles of attire,beads possess the desirablecharacteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available ininfinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as wellas in today's market.
The word "attire" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ritual
(B) importance
(C) clothing
(D) history
169. Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: theirhistory, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use areall points of information one hopes to unravel.
The word "unravel" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) communicate
(B) transport
(C) improve
(D) discover
170. Even the most mundanebeads may have traveled greatdistances and been exposed to many human experiences.
The word "mundane" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) carved
(B) beautiful
(C) ordinary
(D) heavy
171. The crossed mandibles enable the birds to exert a powerful biting force atthe bill tips, which is critical for maneuvering them between the scales andspreading the scales apart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the gapand draws out the seed.
The word "gap" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) opening
(B) flower
(C) mouth
(D) tree
172. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the gap and draws out theseed. Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the birds cracks openand discardsthe woody seed covering and swallows thenutritious inner kernel.
The word "discards" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) eats
(B) breaks
(C) finds out
(D) gets rid of
173. As a rule, large billed crossbills are better at seeming seeds from largecones while small billed crossbills are more deftat removingthe seeds from small, thin scaled cones.
The word "deft" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) hungry
(B) skilled
(C) tired
(D) pleasant
174. This bird has a large, robustbill, yet most ofNewfoundland's conifershave small cones, the same kind of cones that the slender-billed white-wingsrely on.
The word "robust" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) strong
(B) colorful
(C) unusual
(D) sharp
175. It was she, aBaltimoreprinter, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the firstcopies that included the names of its signers and therefore heraldedthe support of all thirteen colonies.
The word "heralded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) influenced
(B) announced
(C) rejected
(D) ignored
176. She was also the city's postmaster from 1775 to 1789 --- appointed byBenjamin Franklin --- and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federalposition.
The word "position" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) job
(B) election
(C) document
(D) location
177. Galaxies are the majorbuilding blocks of the universe. Agalaxy is a giant family of many millions of stars, and it is held together byits own gravitational field.
The word "major" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) intense
(B) principal
(C) lunge
(D) unique
178. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetricalelliptical orspheroidal shape with no obviousstructure. Most of theirmember stars are very old and since elliptical are devoid of interstellar gas,no new stars are forming in them.
The word "symmetrical" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) proportionally balanced
(B) commonly seen
(C) typically large
(D) steadily growing
The word "obvious" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) discovered
(B) apparent
(C) understood
(D) simplistic
179. Their light was already halfway here before the Earth even formed. The lightfrom the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still dominatedthe animal world.
The word "dominated" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) threatened
(B) replaced
(C) were developing in
(D) were prevalent in
180. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching and steam boating did notcome to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplementsor feeders.
The word "supplements" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) extensions
(B) reformers
(C) dependents
(D) influences
181. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870's and 1880's andinto the 1890's,although over constantly shrinking routes, and coaches andwagons continued to crisscrossthe West wherever the rails hadnot yet been laid.
The word "crisscross" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) lead the way
(B) separate
(C) move back and forth
(D) uncover
182. The primary reason was skepticismthat a railroad builtthrough so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain, andsemiarid plain could pay a profit.
The word "skepticism" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) doubt
(B) amazement
(C) urgency
(D) determination
183. In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill, the chair of the congressionalcommittee bluntly stated that without government subsidynoone would undertake so unpromising a venture; yet it was a national necessityto link East and West together.
The word "subsidy" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) persuasion
(B) financing
(C) explanation
(D) penalty
184. However, the concept of number and the counting process developed so longbefore the time of recorded history (there is chaeological evidence thatcounting was employed by humans as far back as 50,000 years ago) that the mannerof this development is largely conjectural.
The word "conjectural" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) complex
(B) based on guessing
(C) unbelievable
(D) supported by careful research
185. Probably the earliest way of keeping a count was by some simple tallymethod, employingthe principle of one-to-one correspondence.In keeping a count of sheep, for example, one finger per sheep could be turnedunder.
The word "employing" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) using
(B) paying
(C) focusing
(D) hiring
186. Counts could also bemaintainedby making scratches inthe dirt or on a stone, by cutting notches in a piece of wood, or by tyingknots in a string.
The word "maintained" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) justified
(B) asserted
(C) located
(D) kept
187. Then, perhaps later, an assortmentof vocal sounds wasdeveloped as a word tally against the number of objects in a small group.
The word "assortment" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) instrument
(B) variety
(C) surplus
(D) symbol
188. Their products, primarily silver plates and bowls, reflected their exaltedstatus and testified to their customers' prominence.
The word "exalted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) unusual
(B) uncertain
(C) surprising
(D) superior
189. Colonial coppersmithing also came of agein the earlyeighteenth century and prospered in northern cities.
The phrase "came of age" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) established itself
(B) declined
(C) became less expensive
(D) was studied
190. Fossils are the remains andtraces(such as footprints orother marks ) of ancient plant and animal life that are more than 10,000 yearsold.
The word "traces" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) structures
(B) importance
(C) skeletons
(D) imprints
191. The woolly mammoth, a long-haired rhinoceros, and other mammals have beenperiodically exposedin the tundra ofSiberia,the hair and red flesh still frozen in cold storage.
The word "exposed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) photographed
(B) uncovered
(C) located
(D) preserved
192. A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly orindirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans,animals, vegetation, or materials adversely.
The word "adversely" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) negatively
(B) quickly
(C) admittedly
(D) considerably
193. As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were alteredby various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles.
The word "altered" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) eliminated
(B) caused
(C) slowed
(D) changed
194. The result is an increased concentration of noxiouschemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appearwill be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in theabsence of human activities.
The word "noxious" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) harmful
(B) noticeable
(C) extensive
(D) weak
195. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be apollutant; in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how muchof an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturallyin the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectablehealtheffects at 0. 08 parts per million (ppm) , which is about 400 times its naturallevel.
The word "detectable" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) beneficial
(B) special
(C) measurable
(D) separable
196. The acute,growing public awareness of the social changesthat had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth inpopular journalism in the late nineteenth century, including growth in quantityand circulation of both magazines and newspapers.
The word "acute" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) useful
(B) intense
(C) genuine
(D) controversial
197. Furthermore, the introduction in 1890 of the first successful linotypemachine promised even further growth. In 1872 only two daily newspapers couldclaim a circulation of over 100,000, but by 1892 seven more newspapers exceededthat figure. A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly becomingvisible.
The word "exceeded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) controlled
(B) surpassed
(C) affected
(D) equaled
198. Magazines as they are known today began publication around 1882, and, infact, the circulation of weekly magazines exceeded that of newspapers in theperiod which followed. By 1892, for example, the circulation of the Ladies'Home Journal had reached an astounding700,000.
The word "astounding" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) surprising
(B) estimated
(C) encouraging
(D) sudden
199. It is lightweight, impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durableyet fragile, and often very beautiful.
The word "durable" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) lasting
(B) delicate
(C) heavy
(D) plain
200. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid,but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarilyassociated with that process.
The word "customarily" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) naturally
(B) necessarily
(C) usually
(D) certainly
201. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow, why glassdeteriorates over time, especially when exposed tomoisture,and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled aftermanufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling.
The words "exposed to" in line 19 are closest in meaning to
(A) hardened by
(B) chilled with
(C) subjected to
(D) deprived of
202. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow, why glassdeteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture, and why glasswaremust be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to releaseinternal stresses inducedby uneven cooling.
The word "induced" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) joined
(B) missed
(C) caused
(D) lost
203. The best-known specimens are the remarkabletracksdiscovered atLactoli,Tanzania, by Mary Leakey.
The word "remarkable" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) extraordinary
(B) enormous
(C) various
(D) orderly
204. The pressures exertedalong the foot, together with thelength of stride, which averaged 87 centimeters, indicated that the hominidshad been walking slowly. In short, all the detectable morphological featuresimplied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different fromthose of contemporary humans.
The word "exerted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) influenced
(B) applied
(C) returned
(D) lessened
205. The study of fossil footprints is not restrictedtoexamples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example,in French caves dating from the end of the last ice age, approximately 10, 000years ago.
The word "restricted" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) limited
(B) improved
(C) continued
(D) succeeded
206. The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricateassemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms.
The word "intricate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) difficult
(B) widespread
(C) critical
(D) complex
207. A multitude of microorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and anarmyof invertebrates ---
The expression "an army" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) an illness
(B) an attack
(C) a large number
(D) a distinct type
208. Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defensemechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms varyconsiderably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reactingto the presence of "foreign" cells.
The word "vary" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) differ
(B) endure
(C) balance
(D) contribute
209. Unimprovised, completely structured jazz does exist, but the ability ofthe best jazz musicians to create music of great cohesionandbeauty during a performance has been a hallmark of the music and its majorsource of inspiration and change.
The word "cohesion" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) sorrow
(B) fame
(C) unity
(D) vibration
210. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive thatwasinitiallycalled "hot" and later"swing."
The word "initially" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) at first
(B) shortly
(C) alphabetically
(D) in fact
211. In playing hot, a musician consciouslydeparts fromstrict meter to create a relaxed sense of phrasing that also emphasizes theunderlying rhythms.
The word "consciously" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) carelessly
(B) easily
(C) periodically
(D) purposely
212. Not all jazz is hot, however; many early bands played unadornedpublished arrangements of popular songs.
The word "unadorned" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) lovely
(B) plain
(C) disorganized
(D) inexpensive
213. The tight arrangement enabledtheMandansto protect themselves more easilyfrom the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food thesehighly capable farmers stored from one years to the next.
The word "enabled" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) covered
(B) reminded
(C) helped
(D) isolated
214. They had to exerciseconsiderableskill to produce thedesired results, for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons.
The word "considerable" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) planning
(B) much
(C) physical
(D) new
215. This green corn was boiled, dried, and shelled, with some of the maizeslated for immediate consumptionand the rest stored inanimal-skin bags.
The word "consumption" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) decay
(B) planting
(C) eating
(D) conversion
216. With appropriate banking of the extrafood, theMandansprotected themselves against the disasterof crop failure and accompanying hunger.
The word "disaster" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) control
(B) catastrophe
(C) avoidance
(D) history
217. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituentsofcosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not really aform of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerousdifferent kinds) .
The word "constituents" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) relatives
(B) causes
(C) components
(D) targets
218. Its relative abundance never seems to varymuch. In someplaces, there may be slightly more of it; in others, slightly less, but theratio of helium to hydrogen nucleial ways remains about the same.
The word "vary" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) mean
(B) stretch
(C) change
(D) include
219. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this mannercan be calculated,and it turns out to be no more than a fewpercent.
The word "calculated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) ignored
(B) converted
(C) increased
(D) determined
220. By the time the universe was a few minutes old, helium production haseffectively ceased.
The word "ceased" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) extended
(B) performed
(C) taken hold
(D) stopped
221. Wealthy and socially prominentsettlers made quilts ofthe English type, cut from large lengths of cloth of the same color and texturerather than stitched together from smaller pieces.
The word " prominent" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) isolated
(B) concerned
(C) generous
(D) distinguished
222. This term was usually applied toa fabric of wool andlinen used in heavy clothing and quilted petticoats worn in the wintertime.
The phrase "applied to" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) sewn onto
(B) compared to
(C) used for
(D) written down on
223. Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted woolfabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed darkblue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarserwoolenmaterial, either natural or a shade of yellow.
The word "coarser" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) older
(B) less heavy
(C) more attractive
(D) rougher
224. The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the countrybecause of the warmth it afforded.
The word "afforded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) provided
(B) spent
(C) avoided
(D) absorbed
225. Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a densecanopy of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site tothe exclusion of almost everything else.
The word "dense" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) dark
(B) tall
(C) thick
(D) broad
226. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locatecompanions in play but also, thanks tothe unending demandsand pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.
The phrase "thanks to " is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) grateful for
(B) help with
(C) because of
(D) machines for
227. The most eagerly anticipatedsocial events were the ruralfairs. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near.
The phrase "eagerly anticipated" is closest in meaning to whichof following?
(A) well organized
(B) old-fashioned
(C) strongly opposed
(D) looked forward to
228. Although the phlogiston theory was self-consistent, it was awkward becauseit required that imaginative, even mysterious, propertiesbeascribed to phlogiston.
The word "properties" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) interpretations
(B) locations
(C) characteristics
(D) virtues
229. Although the phlogiston theory was self-consistent, it was awkward becauseit required that imaginative, even mysterious, properties be ascribedtophlogiston.
The phrase "ascribed to" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) analyzed and isolated in
(B) returned to their original condition in
(C) assumed to be true of
(E) diagrammed with
230. In the eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier, on the basis of carefulexperimentation was led to propose a different theory of burning, one thatrequired a constituentof air-later shown to be oxygen-forcombustion.
The word "constituent" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) component
(B) opposite
(C) principle
(D) temperature
231. Sincethe weight of the oxygen is always added, theweight of the products of combustion, including the evolved gases, would alwaysbe greater than the weight of the starting material.
The word "Since" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) later
(B) because
(C) during
(D) although
232. Iron production was revolutionizedin the earlyeighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refiningiron ore.
The word "revolutionized" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) quickly started
(B) gradually opened
(C) dramatically changed
(D) carefully examined
233. Apart from its low cost, the appealof iron as a buildingmaterial lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to spanvast areas.
The word "appeal" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) adjustment
(B) assignment
(C) attraction
(D) attempt
234. Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new buildingtypes spawnedby the Industrial Revolution: in factories,warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, whereits practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status.
The word "spawned" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) created
(B) maintained
(C) rejected
(D) exposed
235. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potentialof iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassedthegreat vaults of medieval hurches and cathedrals.
The word "surpassed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) imitated
(B) exceeded
(C) approached
(D) included
236. Their composition is thought to be similar to that of Earth's iron core,and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid thatdisintegrated long ago.
The word "core" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) center
(B) surface
(C) mineral
(D) field
237. When meteorites fall on the continent, they are embeddedin the moving ice sheets. At places where the glaciers move upward againstmountain ranges, meteorites are left exposed on the surface.
The word "embedded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) isolated
(B) encased
(C) enhanced
(D) enlarged
238. The pale, smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spottingmeteorites, which are usually dark brown of black.
The word "spotting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) removing
(B) identifying
(C) cooling
(D) falling
239. A pioneering set of experiments has been important in the revolution inour understanding of animal behavior-a revolution that eroded the behaviorist dogmathat only humans have minds.
The word "dogma" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) evaluation
(B) proof
(C) intention
(D) belief
240. These experiments were designed to detectconsciousness---
The word "detect" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) imitate the behavior of
(B) provide a reason for
(C) discover the presence of
(D) report a need for
241. The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousnessis frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist. Thismay be one reason that many researchers have shied away fromthe notion of mind and consciousness in nonhuman animals.
The phrase "shied away from" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) approached
(B) avoided
(C) respected
(D) allowed
242.Gallup'report of the experiment, published in a 1970 article, was a milestonein our understanding of animal minds, and psychologists wondered how widespreadself-recognition would prove to be.
The word "milestone" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) significant development
(B) initial step
(C) universal concept
(D) obstruction to progress
243. Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a criticalconservation issue only in the past two decades.
The word "critical" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) negative
(B) essential
(C) interesting
(D) complicated
244. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting,but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity inall ecosystems.
The word "jolting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) predicted
(B) shocking
(C) unknown
(D) illuminating
245. However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitudeand speedwith which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world anddemolishing the environment.
The word "magnitude" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) concern
(B) determination
(C) carelessness
(E) extent
246. The conservatism of the early English colonists in North American, theirstrong attachment tothe English way of doing things, wouldplay a major part in the furniture that was made inNew England.
The phrase "attachment to " is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) control of
(B) distance from
(C) curiosity about
(D) preference for
247. The mortise is the hole chiseled and cut into one piece of wood, while thetenon is the tongue of protrudingelement shaped from anotherpiece of wood so that it fits into the mortise; and another small hole is thendrilled (with the auger) through the mortised end and the tenon so that a whittledpeg can secure the joint-thus the term "joiner.鈥?br /> The word"protruding" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) parallel
(B) simple
(C) projecting
(D) important
248. Locks and escutcheon plates-the latter to shieldthe woodfrom the metal key-would often be imported.
The word "shield" in line 23 closest in meaning to
(A) decorate
(B) copy
(C) shape
(D) protect
249. The establishment of these posts opened new roads and provided for theprotection of daringadventurers and expeditions as well asestablished settlers.
The word "daring" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) lost
(B) bold
(C) lively
(D) foolish
250. Throughout the wilderness, post bands provided entertainment andboostedmorale.
The word "boosted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) influenced
(B) established
(C) raised
(D) maintained
251. It slowed construction of forts and inhibitedtheirmilitary function.
The word "inhibited" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) involved
(B) exploited
(C) united
(D) hindered
252. Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually notexactly like its modern counterpart, the most obviousdifference being that it is often much heavier.
The word "counterpart' is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) species
(B) version
(C) change
(D) material
253. But it is a wrong interpretation; fossils are frequently so dense becausethe poresand other spaces in the bone have become filled withminerals taken up from the surrounding sediments.
The word "pores" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) joints
(B) tissues
(C) lines
(D) holes
254. Although nothing remains of the original collagen, some of its componentamino acids are usually still detectable, together with aminoacids of the noncollagen proteins of bone.
The word "detectable" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) sizable
(B) active
(C) moist
(D) apparent
255. In spite of Hunt's invitingfacade, the living space wasawkwardly arranged. Those who could afford them were quite content to reunionin the more sumptuous, single-family homes, leaving the Stuyvesant to youngmarried couples and bachelors.
The word "inviting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) open
(B) encouraging
(C) attractive
(D) asking
256. Those who could afford them were quite content to reunion in the more sumptuous,single-family homes, leaving the Stuyvesant to young married couples andbachelors.
The word "sumptuous" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) luxurious
(B) unique
(C) modern
(D) distant
257. The lot could also accommodate a rectangular tenement, though it could not yieldthe square, well-lighted, and logically arranged roomsthat great apartment buildings require.
The word "yield" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) harvest
(B) surrender
(C) amount
(D) provide
258. A snowfall consists of myriads of minuteice crystalsthat fall to the ground in the form of frozen precipitation.
The word "minute" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) tiny
(B) quick
(C) clear
(D) sharp
259. The process can be very rapid, quickly creating sizable ice crystals, someof which adhereto each other to create a cluster of icecrystals or a snowflake.
The word "adhere" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) belong
(B) relate
(C) stick
(D) speed
260. In addition, mountainous sections or rising terrain can initiatesnowfalls by the geographical lifting of a moist airstream.
The word "initiate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) enhance
(B) alter
(C) increase
(D) begin
261. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and isconstantly modifyingthe face of the Earth. Evaporated fromthe oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by windover the continents.
The word "modifying" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) changing
(B) traveling
(C) describing
(D) destroying
262. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principalreservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidityof watertransport on the continents.
The word "rapidity" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) significance
(B) method
(C) swiftness
(D) reliability
263. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked andinterdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiencydepend on differentfactors.
The word "efficiency" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) relationship
(B) growth
(C) influence
(D) effectiveness
264. Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of theAtlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and reartheir young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, andnorthern gannets.
The word "rear" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) visit
(B) watch
(C) reverse
(D) raise
265. The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes,which cannot scalethe sheer rocks, and from ravens and otherspecies of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to stealeggs.
The word "scale" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) climb
(B) avoid
(C) approach
(D) measure
266. This immunityhas been followed by a relaxation of thedefenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as doground-nesting gulls.
The word "immunity" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) distance
(B) transition
(C) protection
(D) reminder
267. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but thispractice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells,makes its location very conspicuous.
The word "conspicuous" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) disordered
(B) suspicious
(C) noticeable
(D) appealing
268. On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its ownpeculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them.
The phrase "On the other hand " is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) therefore
(B) however
(C) for example
(D) by no means
269. Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of theUnited Statesmaintained a biasagainst big cities.
The word "bias" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) diagonal
(B) slope
(C) distortion
(D) prejudice
270. These new urbanites, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed withgreat problems, eagerly embracedthe progressive reforms thatpromised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
The word "embraced" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) suggested
(B) overestimated
(C) demanded
(D) welcomed
271. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitantrates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who couldafford them.
The word "exorbitant" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) additional
(B) expensive
(C) various
(D) modified
272. Proponentsof these reforms argued that public ownershipand regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guaranteea fair price.
The word "Proponents" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) Experts
(B) Pioneers
(C) Reviewers
(D) Supporters
273. By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe upto this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books andprints, European visitors and immigrants, and traveling colonists who broughtback copies of old master paintings and acquaintance with European artinstitutions. By the outbreakof the Revolution againstBritish rule in 1776, the status of the artist had already undergonechange.
The word "outbreak" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) cause
(B) beginning
(C) position
(D) explanation
The word "undergone" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) led to
(B) transformed
(C) preferred
(D) experienced
274. Some colonial urban portraitist, such as John Singleton Copley, BenjaminWest, and Charles Willson Peale, consortedwith affluentpatrons.
The word "consorted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) made decisions
(B) studied
(C) agreed
(D) associated
275. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all threeenjoyed sufficientpatronage to allow them to maintain animage of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their customof signing their paintings.
The word "sufficient" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) adequate
(B) temporary
(C) friendly
(D) expensive
276. The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the naturalresources, made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts ofindustrial production, and carried consumer goods to households;it dispatchedimmigrants to unsettled places, drewemigrants away from farmsand villages to cities, and sent men and guns to battle.
The word "drew" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) obliged
(B) designed
(C) helped
(D ) attracted
277. It standardized time and travel, seeking toannihilatedistance and space by allowing movement at any time and in any season or typeof weather.
The word "annihilate" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) conquer
(B) utilize
(C) separate
(D) mechanize
278.Moreover, in addition to its being a transportationpathway equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks signals, crossings,bridges, and junctions, plus telegraph and telephone lines the railroadnurtured factory complexes, coat piles, warehouses, and generating stations,forming along its right-of-way what has aptlybeen called"the metropolitan corridor" of the American landscape.
The word "Moreover" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) consequently
(B) furthermore
(C) although
(D) because
The word "aptly" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) appropriately
(B) virtually
(C) consistently
(D) incessantly
279. The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled atbasketry, using the reeds, grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashionarticles of all sorts and sizes-not only trays, containers, and cooking pots,but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.
The word "fashion" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) maintain
(B) organize
(C) trade
(D) create
280. In addition, they made used of four distinct variations on the basictwining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.
The word "article" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) decoration
(B) shape
(C) design
(D) object
281. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staplesin their finest basketry.
The word "staples" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) combinations
(B) limitations
(C) accessories
(D) basic elements
282. Every Pomo basket maker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinctpatterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.
The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) systematic
(B) beautiful
(C) different
(D) compatible
283. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invadethe surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself.
The word "invade" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) move into
(B) neutralize
(C) cover
(D) deposit
284. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporarylandscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed throughslow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion.
The word "contemporary" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) vast
(B) natural
(C) existing
(D) uneven
285. The most finelygrained igneous rock is volcanic glass orobsidian, which has no crystals.
The word "finely" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) minutely
(B) loosely
(C) sensitively
(D) purely
286. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with moderncapitalism first appeared-the use of money and commercial paper inplace ofbarter, open competition in place of social deference andhierarchy, with an attendantrise in social disorder, and theappearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independentcraftspeople working with hand tools.
The phrase "in place of" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) connected to
(B) in addition to
(C) because of
(D) instead of
The word "attendant" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) avoidable
(B) accompanying
(C) unwelcome
(D) unexpected
287. Except forBoston,whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in1760, cities grew by exponential leapsthrough the eighteenth century.
The phrase "exponential leaps" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) long wars
(B) new laws
(C) rapid increases
(D) exciting changes
288. The quality of the hinterland dictatedthe pace of growthof the cities.
The word "dictated" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) spoiled
(B) reduced
(C) determined
(D) divided
289. The land surroundingBostonhad always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it wasvirtuallystripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied;there was little in the region beyond the city to attract immigrants.
The word "virtually" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) usually
(B) hardly
(C) very quickly
(D) almost completely
290. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheetcan take, they are all similar in their essentialaspects.
The word "essential" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
291. Next, the pertinentconsiderations that will be affectedby each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each considerationor consequence is determined.
The word "pertinent" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
292. A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinctstatement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important tobe clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals becauselong-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.
The word "succinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
293. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student mightrevisethe question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to asuccessful career?"
The word "revise" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
294. The ecosystems of the Earth provide an arrayof freepublic services that are essential for the support of civilizations.
The word "array" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) large number
(B) excess
(C) requirement
(D) model
295. They do know, however, that the theory once advancedinthe nineteenth century --- that the productivity of the land can be infinitelyincreased by the application of capital, labor, and science --- is wrong.
The word "advanced" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) debated
(B) ignored
(C) proved
(D) proposed
296. Two reasons are usually advanced to account for this tardydevelopment, namely, the mental difficulties and the physical difficultiesencountered in such work.
The word "tardy" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) historical
(B) basic
(C) unusual
(D) late
297. The first of these, the mental difficulties, must be somewhat discounted.The impression that the ancient numeral systems are not amenable to even thesimplest calculations is largely based on lack of familiarity with thesesystems.
The word "discounted" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) reduced
(B) contradicted
(C) disregarded
(D) interpreted
298. Without a plentiful and convenient supply of some suitable writing medium,any very extended development of the arithmetic process was bound to be hampered.
The word "hampered" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) impeded
(B) concluded
(C) unnoticed
(D) rejected
299. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so greatagainst the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a smallsolid core.
The word "great" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) dangerous
(B) unknown
(C) variable
(D) strong
300. The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright asthe full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensationalsightduring an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that haswispy spike like rays near the Sun's north and south poles.
The word "sensational" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) spectacular
(B) predictable
(C) bizarre
(D) constant
301. She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites,bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transformthe site into her own abstract image.
The word "transform" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) move
(B) extend
(C) change
(D) interpret
302. At first she works only with objects, concentrating on their composition; then she lights them and adds color from lights covered with colored filters.
The word "composition" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) arrangement
(B) brightness
(C) quality
(D) size
303. She visits each location several times to make sketches and test shots.Until she brings in the lights, however, she cannot predict exactly what theywill do to the image, so there is some improvising on the spot.
The word "shots" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) injections
(B) photographs
(C) loud noises
(D) effective remarks
304. With its radiant color and plantlike shape, the seaanemone looks more like a flower than an animal.
The word "shape" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) length
(B) grace
(C) form
(D) nature
305. The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles thatthe animal uses to captureits food.
The word "capture" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) catch
(B) control
(C) cover
(D) clean
306. When disturbed, a sea anemone retractsits tentacles andshortens its body so that it resembles a lump on a rock.
The word "retracts" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) pulls back
(B) relaxes
(C) reproduces
(D) lifts up
307. The first such attempt, the ambitious Project Mohole, got under way duringthe 1960's and proved the value of deep-sea drilling by making several testholes in the mantle beneath the crust before spiralingcostsled to its cancellation.
The word "spiraling" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) rising
(B) necessary
(C) unpredictable
(D) circular
308. Soon afterward, however, work began on the more modestDeep Sea Drilling Project, which is not aimed at reaching the mantle but atexploring the crust itself.
The expression "more modest " is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) more sophisticated
(B) more timid
(C) less ambitious
(D) less controversial
309. This venture uses a special ship, the Glomar Challenger, which can be held preciselyin position in the sea --- without any anchor --- bysound-wave guiding systems and computer-controlled propellers.
The word " precisely" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) exactly
(B) clearly
(C) economically
(D) practically
310. Throughout the colonial period there was a markedshortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in thefrontier areas.
The word "marked" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) underlined
(B) graded
(C) prolonged
(D) distinct
311. Puritan town councils expected widows and unattached womento be self-supporting and for a long time provided needy spinsters with parcelsof land.
The phrase "unattached women" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) women without high social status
(B) women without property
(C) unmarried women
(D) unemployed women
312. The artisan who makes pottery inNorth Americatoday utilizes his or her skill and imagination to create items that arebeautiful as well as functional, transforming somethingordinary into something special and unique.
The word "functional" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) useful
(B) strong
(C) inexpensive
(D) original
313. The potter uses one of the Earth's most basicmaterials:clay. Clay can be found almost anywhere.
The word "basic" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) familiar
(B) fundamental
(D) dirty
314. They then pour on the liquid glaze and let it run over the clay surface,making any kind of decorative patternthat they want.
The word "pattern" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) model
(B) color
(C) puzzle
(D) design
315. Horses live in a monochromeworld. Light visible to humaneyes, however, occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagneticspectrum.
The word "monochrome" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) monotonous
(B) ultraviolet
(C) one-dimension
(D) one-color
316. The world would look eerilydifferent if human eyes weresensitive to infra-red radiation.
The word "eerily" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) strangely
(B) increasingly
(C) slightly
(D) superficially
317. They are, in fact, remarkably discerning in color gradation. The colorsensitivity of normal human vision is rarelysurpassedeven bysophisticated technical devices.
The word "surpassed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) recorded
(B) exceeded
(C) found
(D) provided
318. Once, just before he died, when he was sick with the flu, I took him asack full of oranges. The joy I felt in giving that simple gift is undiminishedby time. He said he liked oranges, too. "
The word "undiminished" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) not exaggerated
(B) not lessened
(D) unequaled
319. And he was kind to me; I will always be grateful that in his absolutewarmth and generosity he fulfilled my deepest dream(and need)of what a poet should be. "
The word "dream" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) nightmare
(B) expectation
(C) sleep
(D) misconception
320. "After my first meeting with Langston Hughes I vowedI would write a book about him for children someday.
The word "vowed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) confided
(B) b<elieved
(C) denied
(D) promised
321. A third process by which salinity may be alteredisassociated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen,the dissolved materials are left behind.
The word "altered" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) determined
(B) changed
(C) accumulated
(D) needed
322. With encouragement from the park, local landownersinitiateda land-use planning effort to guide the future of theNorth Fork.
The word "initiated" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) started
(B) requested
(C) purchased
(D) considered
323. The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protectioneffort may have been stimulatedby concerns that Congresswould impose a legislative solution.
The word "stimulated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) motivated
(B) anticipated
(C) substituted
(D) undermined
324. Nevertheless, many local residents want to retaintheexisting the character of the area.
The word "retain" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) preserve
(B) possess
(C) enjoy
(D) improve
325. There were two widely divergentinfluences on the earlydevelopment of statistical methods
The word "divergent" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) different
(B) distributed
(C) recorded
(D) prominent
326. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducingto comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldymass of data.
The word "unwieldy" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) unmanageable
(B) unpredictable
(C) understandable
(D) unreliable
327. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlledproduction of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a littlethere from many varieties that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of lensof thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild wouldbegin to fade away.
The word "controlled" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) abundant
(B) managed
(C) required
(D) advanced
328. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminatedthe subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.
The word "illuminated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) illustrated
(B) accepted
(C) clarified
(D) lighted
329. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers-theidea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objectsand is a prerequisitefor doing anything more mathematicallydemanding than setting a table-is itself far from innate.
The word "prerequisite" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) reason
(B) theory
(C) requirement
(D) technique
330. The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small. The effectof gravity on them is minute. Air currents move and liftdroplets so that the net downward displacement is zero, even though thedroplets are in constant motion.
The word "minute" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) second
(B) tiny
(C) slow
(D) steady
331. Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net downward displacementis zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.
The word "motion" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) wind
(B) change
(C) movement
(D) humidity
332. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally randomfashion, moving about chaotically without fixed direction.
The word "random" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) unpredictable
(B) perplexing
(C) independent
(D) abnormal
333. During the 1920's she was editor of The Dial, an important literarymagazine of the period.
The word "period" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) movement
(B) school
(C) region
(D) time
succeedinggenerations of poets and readers.
The word "succeeding" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) inheriting
(B) prospering
(C) diverse
(D) later
334. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce.The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardensthrough irrigation ditches.
The word "scarce" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) limited
(B) hidden
(C) pure
(D) necessary
335. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exertpressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes ofweakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks,or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individualmineral crystals or grains.
The word "exert" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) put
(B) reduce
(C) replace
(D) control
336. A rock durableenough to have withstood naturalconditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shatteredinto small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.
The word "durable" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) large
(B) strong
(C) flexible
(D) pressured
The word "shattered" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) arranged
(B) dissolved
(C) broken apart
(D) gathered together
337. Thedominantsalt inDeath Valleyis halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates,also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice.
The word "dominant" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) most recent
(B) most common
(C) least available
(D) least damaging
338. Overland transport in theUnited Stateswas still extremely primitivein 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities tothe nearest river town or seaport.
The word "primitive" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) unsafe
(B) unknown
(C) inexpensive
(D) undeveloped
339. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships thatserved the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was onthe threshold ofa new era of road development.
The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest inmeaning to which of following?
(A) in need of
(B) in place of
(C) at the start of
(D) with the purpose of
340. The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of theLancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generallyrelied on private companies to build their toll roads, butVirginiaconstructed a network at publicexpense.
The word "imitation" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) investment
(B) suggestion
(C) increasing
(D) copying
341. Its peoples became great traders, barteringjewellery,pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networksthat stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the RockyMountains.
The word "bartering" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) producing
(B) exchanging
(C) transporting
(D) loading
342. Over the next centuries, it was supplantedby anotherculture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of itsearliest villages were located.
The word "supplanted" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) conquered
(B) preceded
(C) replaced
(D) imitated
343. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on whichstood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those chargedwithguarding the flame could enter the temples.
The phrase "charged with" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) passed on
(B) experienced at
(C) interested in
(D) assigned to
344. Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of whichwoodcut and engraving are two primeexamples.
The word "prime" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) principal
(B) complex
(C) general
(D) recent
345. Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated inGermanyand northernItalyin the middle of thefifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "tocarve") . The image is incisedinto a highly polishedmetal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin.
The word "incised" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) burned
(B) cut
(C) framed
(D) baked
346. Both woodcut and engraving have distinctivecharacteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading throughthe use of fine lines.
The word "distinctive" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) unique
(B) accurate
(C) irregular
(D) similar
347. Both methods can yieldseveral hundred good-qualityprints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear.
The word "yield" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) imitate
(B) produce
(C) revise
(D) contrast
348. But not all animal parents, even those thattendtheiroffspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young.
The word "tend" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) sit on
(B) move
(C) notice
(D) care for
349. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make otherarrangement, provisioningtheir cells and nests withcaterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and storedin a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply offresh food when they hatch.
The word "provisioning" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) supplying
(B) preparing
(C) building
(D) expanding
350. For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parentalcare. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edgein their lifelong quest for descendants.
The word "edge" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) opportunity
(B) advantage
(C) purpose
(D) rest
351. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at amuch greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those youngare shieldedagainst the vagaries of fluctuating ofdifficult-to-find supplies.
The word "shielded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) raised
(B) protected
(C) hatched
(D) valued
352. A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually envelopedEarth as gasses from molten rocks within its hot interior escaped throughvolcanoes and steam vents.
The word "enveloped" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) surrounded
(B) changed
(C) escaped
(D) characterized
353. With much of the water vapor already condensed into water and theconcentration of carbon dioxide dwindling, the atmosphere graduallybecame rich nitrogen.
The word "gradually" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) accidentally
(B) quickly
(C) in the end
(D) by degrees
354. At any rate, plant growth greatly enriched our atmospherewith oxygen. The reason for this enrichment is that plants, in the presence ofsunlight, process carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen.
The word "At any rate" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) regardless
(B) in addition
(C) although unlikely
(D) fortunately
355. Over 25,000 islands are scatteredacross the surface ofthe Pacific, more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land areaadds up to little more than 125,000 square kilometers, about the size of NewYork State, and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about aquarter of the number that live in New York City.
The word "scattered" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) widely known
(B) usually estimated
(C) rarely inhabited
(D) irregularly distributed
356. Many are uninhabitable, by virtue oftheir small size andparticular characteristics, but even the most favored are very isolatedfragments of land, strictly circumscribedby the ocean,strictly limited in terms of the numbers of people they can support.
The phrase "by virtue of" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) regarding
(B) because of
(C) taking advantage of
(D) in place of
The word "circumscribed" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) located
(B) flooded
(C) restricted
(D) pushed
357. Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminatelength, in open canoes, to arrive on the shores of uninhabited and hithertounknown islands, was a formidable achievement.
The word "indeterminate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) undecided
(B) uncertain
(C) unacceptable
(D) increasing
358. The Rosetta stone thwartedscholars' efforts for severaldecades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphicphrases were decoded using the Greek inscriptions.
The word "thwarted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) continued
(B) influenced
(C) encouraged
(D) frustrated
359. Lichens, probably the hardiestof all plants, live wherevirtually nothing else can---not just on rugged mountain peaks but also onsunbaked desert rocks.
The word "hardest" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) most unusual
(B) most basic
(C) most abundant
(D) most vigorous
360. Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually apartnership between two plants. The frameworkof a lichen isusually a network of minute hairlike fungus that anchors the plant.
The word "framework" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) structure
(<B
(C) condition
(D) environment
361. When water is scarce (as is often the case on a mountain) , lichens maybecome dormant and remain in that condition for prolongedperiods of time.
The word "prolonged" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) precise
(B) extended
(C) approximate
(D) regular
362. For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungusgot together to form a new lichen; it seemed unlikely that they would justhappen to encounterone another.
The word "encounter" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) lose
(B) support
(C) meet
(D) create
363. Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked onchildren's books as vehicles for instruction, not amusement, though they wouldaccept a moderate amount of fictional entertainment for the sake of moresuccessful instruction.
The word "notwithstanding" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) in spite of
(B) in addition to
(C) as a result of
(D) as a part of
364. As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public andpublishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria Edgeworth wrote: storiesinteresting enough to attract children and morally instructive enough to allayadult distrust of fiction.
The word "allay" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) clarify
(B) attack
(C) reduce
(D) confirm
365. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious,self-reflective, and independent --- strong>testimony to the continuinginfluence of the earlier American moralistic tradition in children's books.
The word" testimony to" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) inspiration for
(B) evidence of
(C) requirement for
(D) development of
366. The Moon, which has undergonea distinct and complexgeological history presents a striking appearance.
The word "undergone" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) altered
(B) substituted
(C) experienced
(D) preserved
367. It is now known that the vastmajority of the Moon'scraters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
The word "vast" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) special
(B) Known
(C) varied
(D) great
368. The term "latent heat" refers to the energy that has to be usedto convertliquid water to water vapor.
The word "convert" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) mix
(B) change
(C) adapt
(D) reduce
369. In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used toevaporate water,primarilyin the tropical oceans.
The word "primarily" in the line 19 is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) chiefly
(B) originally
(C) basically
(D) clearly
370. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting incompetition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.
The word "ultimately" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) exceptionally
(B) dramatically
(C) eventually
(D) unfortunately
371. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 millionyears ago with the demiseof dinosaurs and many other forms oflife.
The word "demise" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) change
(B) recovery
(C) help
(D) death
372. One interesting, and controversial, findingis thatextinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intenseevery 26 million years.
The word "finding" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) published information
(B) research method
(C) ongoing experiment
(D) scientific discovery
373. Even the name is an epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificant,what is beautiful about such a place?
The word "insignificant" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) unimportant
(B) undisturbed
(C) immature
(D) inappropriate
374. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops neartheir source of clay, regardless ofits relation to the centerof settlement.
The phrase "regardless of" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) as a result of
(B) no matter what
(C) proud of
(D) according to
375. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greekperiod, but markedstylistic developments occurred in shapeand in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes withthe red surface of the fired pot.
The word "marked" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) original
(B) attractive
(C) noticeable
(D) patterned
376. The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay couldgenerally afford to confinethemselves to either decoratedware and house wares like cooking pots and storage jars or building materialslike roof tiles and drainpipes.
The word "confine" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) adapt
(B) train
(C) restrict
(D) organize
377. Some sixth-and fifth-century B. C. Athenian pottery establishments areknown to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural potteryestablishment on theislandofThasosproduced manytypes of pottery and roof tiles too,presumablyto meet localdemand.
The word "presumably" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) frequently
(B) practically
(C) preferably
(D) probably
378. The expense of moving a family to the ever-receding frontier exceeded themeans of many, and the cost of tools draft animals, a wagon, a well, fencing,and of building the simplest house, might come to$1,000---a formidablebarrier.
The word "formidable" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) obvious
(B) predictable
(C) difficult
(D) manageable
379. Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontierconditions. And despite the intentof the law, speculatorsoften managed to obtain large tracts.
The word "intent" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) purpose
(B) power
(C) effect
(D) invention
380. The smooth operationof an ant colony depends on ten totwenty different signals, most of which are pheromones(chemical signalstriggering behavioral responses) .
The phrase "smooth operation" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) daily activity
(B) effective functioning
(C) delicate balance
(D) permanent location
381. The simple of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster,a chemical that acts pheromone to promote aggregation.
The word "cluster" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) organ
(B) activity
(C) group
(D) cycle
382. Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alertworkers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guideduring mass migrations.
The word "alert" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) allow
(B) transport
(C) warn
(D) provide
383. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to thecolony's workers. They respond by scurryingto gather aroundher. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to whichworkers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.
The word "scurrying" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) agreeing
(B) appearing
(C) competing
(D) rushing
384. Rivers also reveal clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside maymake clay easily accessible.
The word "accessible" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) buried
(B) improved
(C) available
(D) workable
385. Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they arefired account forthe differences in texture and appearancebetween a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.
The phrase "account for" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) reduce
(B) explain
(C) combine with
(D) list all of
386. One researcher observed babies and their mothers in six diversecultures and found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplifiedsyntax, short utterances and nonsense sounds, and transformed certain soundsinto baby talk.
The word "diverse" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) surrounding
(B) divided
(C) different
(D) stimulating
387. Other investigators have notedthat when mothers talk tobabies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate the pitch, loudness, andintensity of their words.
The word "noted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) theorized
(B) requested
(C) disagreed
(D) observed
388. They also exaggerate their facial expressions, hold vowels longer, and emphasizecertain words.
The word "emphasize" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) stress
(B) repeat
(C) explain
(D) leave out
389. When songs have been subjectedto these processes, theirorigin is usually impossible to trace.
The word "subjected" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) reduced
(B) modified
(C) exposed
(D) imitated
390. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essenceoffolk music. Consequently, modern popular songs and other published music, eventhough widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are notconsidered folk music.
The word "essence" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) basic nature
(B) growing importance
(C) full extent
(D) first phase
391. In 1903 the members of the governing board of theUniversityofWashington, inSeattle, engageda firm oflandscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor environments ---Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts --- to advise them on anappropriate layout for the university grounds.
The word "engaged" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) trained
(B) hired
(C) described
(D) evaluated
392. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequentreportonSeattle'sparks.
The word "subsequent" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) complicated
(B) alternate
(C) later
(D) detailed
393. With such unparalleled sumsat their disposal, with theOlmsted guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to havethe city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the ParksBoard bought aggressively.
The word "sums" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) problems
(B) amounts
(C) services
(D) debts
394. Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly,game animals, including some very large species, provided major componentsof human diets.
The word "Undoubtedly" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) occasionally
(B) unexpectedly
(C) previously
(D) certainly
The word "components" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) parts
(B) problems
(C) changes
(D) varieties
395. Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in moreindirect ways. Besidesoverhunting, at least three other kindsof effects have been suggested: direct competition, imbalances betweencompeting species of game animals, and early agricultural practices.
The word "Besides" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) caused by
(B) whereas
(C) in addition to
(D) in favor of
396. If such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replacedthem, they may have allowed more young to survive each year, graduallyincreasing the populations of favoredspecies.
The word "favored" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) large
(B) escaping
(C) preferred
(D) local
397. They became an integralpart of the gardens of theOttoman Empirefrom the sixteenth century onward, and,soon after, part of European life as well.
The word "integral" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) interesting
(B) fundamental
(C) ornamental
(D) overlooked
398. They flourishedin Pennsyvania too, where in 1698 WilliamPenn received a report of John Tateham's "Great and Stately Palace,"its garden full of tulips.
The word "flourished" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) were discovered
(B) were marketed
(C) combined
(D) thrived
399. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier fora gift of some tulip bulbs fromEngland,but his letter of the following yeargrumbledthat they wereall dead.
The word "grumbled" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) denied
(B) warned
(C) complained
(D) explained
400. No two comets ever look identical, but they have basicfeatures in common, one of the most obvious of which is a coma.
The word "identical" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) equally fast
(B) exactly alike
(C) near each other
(D) invisible
401. At the heartof a comer's coma lies a nucleus of solidmaterial, typically no more than 10 kilometers across.
The word "heart" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) center
(B) edge
(C) tail
(D) beginning
402. The most graphicproof that the grand spectacle of acomet develops from a relatively small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dustwas the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of thenucleus of Halley's Comet.
The word "graphic" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) mathematical
(B) popular
(C) unusual
(D) vivid
403. As a comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, thentwo distincttails usually form.
The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) visible
(B) gaseous
(C) separate
(D) new
404. Pheromones are substances that serveas chemical signalsbetween members of the same species.
The word "serve" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) improve
(B) function
(C) begin
(D) rely
405. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (butrarely the solemethod) . Some species have simple pheromonesystems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with variousfunctions.
The word "sole" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) obvious
(B) best
(C) only
(D) final
406. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, buttheir medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciatebecause of our own olfactory insensitivity and the technological difficultiesin detectingand analyzing there pheromones.
The word " detecting " is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) controlling
(B) storing
(C) questioning
(D) finding
407. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of theirgregarious habits and sedentarynature, secrete an alarmpheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.
The word "sedentary" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) inactive
(B) inefficient
(C) unchangeable
(D) unbalanced
408. These innovations in manufacturing boostedoutput andliving standards to an unprecedented extent;the average per capita wealthincreased by nearly 1 percent per year-30 percent over the course of ageneration.
The word "boosted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ensured
(B) raised
(C) arranged
(D) discouraged
409. Since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs --- even withouttechnological improvements --- had broadened the scopeof theoutwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materialsto a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the productionprocess.
The word "scope" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) value
(B) popularity
(C) extent
(D) diversity
410. As early as 1782 the prolificDelawareinventor Oliver Evans had built ahighly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power.
The word "prolific" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) efficient
(B) productive
(C) self-employed
(D) progressive
411. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the Nation'slargest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor,Good transportation networks, and eagercustomers.
The word "eager" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) wealthy
(B) knowledgeable
(C) regular
(D) enthusiastic
412. Small, both in format and number of pages, they were generally boundsimply, in board(a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (asewn antecedentof modern-day paperbacks) .
The word "antecedent" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) predecessor
(B) format
(C) imitation
(D) compontent
413. By far, the most appealingpublishing investments were tobe found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing areasonably reliable source of income for the publisher.
The word "appealing" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) dependable
(B) respectable
(C) enduring
(D) attractive
414. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy andweather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a givenyear, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained tothe localein which they would be used.
The word "locale" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) topic
(B) season
(C) interest
(D) place
415. What unusual or uniquebiological train led to theremarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for over 50million years?
The word "unique" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) inherited
(B) habitual
(C) singular
(D) natural
416. The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatoryensocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rottingvegetation on the ground.
The word "rotting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) decaying
(B) collected
(C) expanding
(D) cultivated
417. Richly organized colonies of the kind made possible by eusociality enjoyseveral keyadvantages over solitary individuals.
The word "key" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) uncommon
(B) important
(C) incidental
(D) temporary
418. Composers today use a widervariety of sounds than everbefore, including many that were once considered undesirable noises.
The word "wider" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) more impressive
(B) more distinctive
(C) more controversial
(D) more extensive
419. Non-Western music typically divides and interval between two pitches morefinely than Western music does, therebyproducing a greaternumber of distinct tones, or microtones, within the same interval.
The word "thereby" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) in return for
(B) in spite of
(C) by the way
(D) by that means
420. The population ofLos Angeles(114,000 in1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century,increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number ofcircumstances contributed to the meteoricrise ofLos Angeles.
The word "meteoric" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) rapid
(B) famous
(C) controversial
(D) methodical
421. The downtown business district did not grow apace withthe city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the centerwith outlying areas withered away from disuse.
The phrase "apace with" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) anew with
(B) apart from
(C) as fast as
(D) at the middle of
422. After the 1870's, a number of important authors began to reject theromanticism that had prevailedimmediately following the CivilWar of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.
The word "prevailed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) dominated
(B) transformed
(C) entered
(D) generalized
423. Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depictedlife in the South; Hamlin garland described life on the Great Plains; and SarahOrne Jewett wrote about everyday life in ruralNew England.
The word "depicted" in line11 is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) emphasized
(B) described
(C) criticized
(D) classified
424. Theodore Dreiser, the foremostnaturalist writer, innovels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which humanbeings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control.
The word "foremost" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) most difficult
(B) interesting
(C) most focused
(D) leading
425. Even in this current era of large scale, intensiveresearch and development, the interrelationships involved in this process arefrequently misunderstood.
The word "intensive" is closest in meaning to which of following?.
(A) decreased
(B) concentrated
(C) creative
(D) advanced
426. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led inturn to the assumptionthat application of science to industrialpurposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, thenproceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrialuse.
The word "assumption" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) understanding
(B) public awareness
(C) scientific knowledge
(D) expansion
427. The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed byground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest onbeaches or in open fields, their nests merelyscrapes in theearth.
The word "merely" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) often
(B) only
(C) usually
(D) at first
428. One technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animaland then setting off noisily through the grass or brush in a low, crouching runaway from the nest, while emittingrodentlike squeaks.
The word "emitting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) bringing
(B) attracting
(C) producing
(D) minimizing
429. The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken --- wing display,actually a continuum of injury --- mimicking behaviors spanningthe range from slight disability to near -complete helplessness.
The word "spanning" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) covering
(B) selecting
(C) developing
(D) explaining
430. Few predators fail to pursuesuch obviously vulnerableprey. Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" isdirected away from the nest.
The word "pursue" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) catch
(B) notice
(C) defend
(D) chase
431. Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when theirthermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciatedand methods for producing continuous filaments were developed.
The word "appreciated" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) experienced
(B) recognized
(C) explored
(D) increased
432. The scarcefossils of the Proterozoic, mostlysingle-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard. However, therocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably aglobal ice age.
The word "scarce" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ancient
(B) tiny
(C) available
(D) rare
433. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks inCanadanearLake Huron(dating from the early part ofthe Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemblevarves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in glacial lakes.
The word "resemble" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) result from
(B) penetrate
(C) look like
(D) replace
434. Watching the behaviors diverseanimal species in theirnatural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promotesurvival.
The word "diverse" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) small
(B) varied
(C) wild
(D) particular
435. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behaviorof certain baby birds that ensuresthat the young will stayclose to their mother and be fed and protected from danger.
The word "ensures" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) guarantees
(B) proves
(C) teaches
(D) assumes
436. It refers to a limited time span during which the child is biologicallyprepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitablystimulating environment.
The word "suitably" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) willingly
(B) moderately
(C) appropriately
(D) emotionally
437. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy processinvolving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectionaltiebetween parent and baby.
The phrase "affectional tie" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) cognitive development
(B) emotional attachment
(C) psychological need
(D) behavioral change
438. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting theirAmericanism, take pride in their African ancestral arts and urgedartists to look toAfricafor substance andinspiration.
The word "urged" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) prepared
(B) defined
(C) permitted
(D) encouraged
439. From this unity created by the convergenceof artistsfrom various social and geographical backgrounds came a new spirit, which,particularly in densely populatedHarlem, wasto result in greater group awareness and self-determination.
The word "convergence" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) gathering
(B) promotion
(C) expression
(D) influence
440. African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets andwriters of the Harlem Renaissance and carried onefforts toincrease and promote the visual arts.
The phrase "carried on" is closest in meaning to which offollowing?
(A) continued
(B) praised
(C) transformed
(D) connected
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